Knowledge Sharing in a Multi-cultural Setting Essay -- Comparative, Kn

In recent decades, the importance of knowledge management to an organization has been recognized by the society, and leaders are more likely to introduce it into the management systems of their organizations, yet Wang and Noe (2010) claimed that the success of knowledge management initially depended on knowledge sharing, which was the fundamental of communication between employees. Hence, these questions will be aroused that what can influence knowledge sharing and how it can be influenced. This paper will have a comparative review of two published studies, which are Knowledge sharing in a multi-cultural setting: a case study (Ford & Chan, 2003) and Knowledge sharing and team trustworthiness: it’s all about social ties! (Wang et al., 2006), both authors have answered the questions ahead on the basis of their studies. But while both of them give us explicit conclusions and generally support that knowledge sharing has a connection with social relationship, there are clear differences in the approach each takes to the study. Dr. Dianne P. Ford, who has published in the Handbook on Knowledge Management, illustrates a result that cross-cultural difference is an obstacle to share knowledge and there is a slight difference between intra-cultural knowledge sharing and inter-cultural knowledge sharing using case study and data analysis. (Ford & Chan, 2003) Dr. Wang and his colleagues seem to be more interested in the relationship between knowledge sharing and trust. They use the same methodology with Dr. Ford in the course of research to claim that trust plays an important role in knowledge sharing, but it also can be substituted by social tie and network in some specific context. (Wang et al., 2006) This paper is organized as follows.... ...g the view that when people meet a person they are not familiar with, they won’t talk too much, so there is little knowledge sharing. Unless after a while, a belief relationship built between them, they will share more knowledge. A social tie or network, I think, is only a bridge to bring people to meet others, but have not reached the high level of substituting trust. Same with Ford and Chan, Wang et al. also use case study methodology and data analysis. But unlike the previous who choose the best site for the research, they use Wang’s working place, a technology research and development institution in Taiwan as the study site. (Wang et al., 2006) Therefore, all the study is about the knowledge sharing within an innovation team, which is a certain component of the whole organization or the society, greatly limits the scalability and extensibility of the results.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 22

Elena couldn't breathe. She could vaguely feel her mouth opening and closing, but she found she wasn't able to say anything. Her hands and feet had gone numb. Damon gave her an almost shy smile – which was funny, because Damon didn't do shy – and shrugged. â€Å"Wel , princess? You wanted me to be here with you, didn't you?† As if a rubber band holding her back had snapped, Elena leaped out of bed and hurtled into Damon's arms. â€Å"Are you real?† she said, half sobbing. â€Å"Is this real?† She kissed him fiercely, and he met her kiss with equal fervor. He felt real, cool skin and leather, the surprising softness of his lips familiar under hers. â€Å"Here I am,† he murmured into her hair as he pul ed her close to him. â€Å"It's real, I promise you.† Elena stepped back and smacked him hard across the face. Damon glared at her and reached up to rub his cheek. â€Å"Ouch,† he said, and then cracked a narrow, irritating smile. â€Å"I can't say that was completely unexpected – I get slapped by women more often than you'd think possible – but not a nice welcome for the long-lost love, sweetheart.† â€Å"How could you?† Elena said, dry-eyed now and furious. â€Å"How could you, Damon? We've al been mourning you. Stefan's fal ing apart. Bonnie blames herself. I†¦ I†¦ A piece of my heart died. How long have you been watching us? Didn't you care? Was this al some kind of joke to you? Did you laugh when we cried?† Damon winced. â€Å"Darling,† he said. â€Å"My princess. Aren't you glad to see me at al ?† â€Å"Of course I am!† said Elena indignantly. She took a breath and cooled down a little. â€Å"But, Damon, what were you thinking? We al thought you were dead! Permanently dead, not show-up-in-my-bedroom-a-few-days-laterlooking-perfectly-healthy dead! What's going on? Did the Guardians do this? They told me they couldn't when I begged them to, that death is permanent for a vampire once it happens.† Damon graced her with a genuine, laughing smile. â€Å"Wel , you of al people ought to know that death isn't always permanent.† Elena shrugged and wrapped her arms around herself. â€Å"They told me that when I came back, it was different,† she said in a smal voice, her emotions zigzagging al over the place. Because you're in shock, a tiny voice at the back of her head said wisely. â€Å"Mystical stuff, you know. My time wasn't up. Hey!† She poked him with one finger, perking up. â€Å"Are you human now? I was human when I returned.† Damon gave a long, theatrical shudder. â€Å"God forbid. I had enough of that when that meddling kitsune made me a mortal. Thank heaven – or whoever – I don't have to go looking for an obliging vampire princess to turn me back this time.† He grinned slyly at Elena. â€Å"I'm as bloodsucking as ever, darling.† He eyed her neck. â€Å"Speaking of which, I'm rather hungry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena smacked him again, though more gently this time. â€Å"Knock it off, Damon.† â€Å"Can I sit down now?† Damon asked and, when she nodded, settled himself on the foot of her bed and drew her down to sit beside him. Elena looked searchingly into his eyes, then gently traced her hand over his sharp cheekbones, his sculpted mouth, his soft raven hair. â€Å"You were dead, Damon,† she said quietly. â€Å"I know it. I saw you die.† â€Å"Yes,† he said, and sighed. â€Å"I felt myself die. It was horribly painful and it seemed to both go on forever and be over in a few moments.† He shuddered. â€Å"There was a little bit left of me even then though† – Elena nodded – â€Å"and Stefan told me, told him, to fly away. And you held him – held me – and told me to close my eyes. And then that last little bit of me was gone, too, and even the pain was gone. And then†¦ I came back.† Damon's dark eyes were wide with remembered wonder. â€Å"But how?† asked Elena. â€Å"Remember the star bal ?† â€Å"How could I forget? It was the root of al our problems with the kitsune. It was vaporized when I†¦ Oh, Damon, I used my Wings of Destruction on the tree on the Nether World's moon. But they destroyed the kitsune's star bal , too, and I had to go to the Guardians to save Fel ‘s Church. The Wings of Destruction were†¦ like nothing I've ever seen or felt before.† She shivered. â€Å"I've seen what you did to that moon,† Damon said, smiling slightly. â€Å"Would it make you feel better, my lovely angel, if you knew that using your Powers like that and destroying the star bal is what saved me?† â€Å"Don't cal me that,† said Elena, scowling. The Guardians were the closest thing she had ever seen to real angels, and she did not have fond memories of them. â€Å"How did it save you?† â€Å"Do they explain how condensation works in modern schools?† Damon asked with the supercilious expression he always wore when he teasingly criticized her world in comparison to the one he had grown up in. â€Å"Is it al sex education, empathy, and second-rate novels now, or do they stil tel the children a little about science? I know they've dropped Latin and Greek in favor of theater and consciousness-raising.† His voice dripped with contempt. Elena told herself not to rise to his bait. Instead she folded her hands neatly in front of her in her lap. â€Å"I think you may be a few decades out-of-date. But please, O wise one,† she said, â€Å"assume that my education didn't include the connection between condensation and rising from the dead, and enlighten me.† â€Å"Nice.† Damon smirked. â€Å"I like to see a young woman who is respectful of her elders and betters.† Elena cocked an eyebrow at him warningly. â€Å"Anyway,† he continued, â€Å"the liquid in the star bal , the pure magic, didn't vanish. It's not that easy to get rid of real y strong magic. As the atmosphere cooled, the magic turned from vapor back into liquid and fel down on me, with the rain of ash. I was soaking in pure Power for hours, gradual y being reborn.† Elena's mouth dropped open. â€Å"Those sneaks,† she said indignantly. â€Å"The Guardians told me you were gone for good, and they took al the treasures we bribed them with, too.† She thought briefly of the one last treasure she stil had, a water bottle ful of the Water of Eternal Youth, hidden high up on the shelf in her closet, and pushed the thought away. She couldn't even acknowledge that hidden treasure to herself for more than a moment, for fear the Guardians would realize she had it, and she couldn't use it†¦ not yet, maybe not ever. Damon shrugged one shoulder. â€Å"They do cheat, sometimes, I hear. But it's more likely this time that they thought they were tel ing the truth. They don't know everything, even though they like to pretend they do. And kitsune and vampires are both a little outside their area of expertise.† He told her how he had woken, buried deep in ash and mud, clawed his way to the surface, and set off across the desolate moon, not knowing who he was or what had happened to him, and how he had almost died again, and that Sage had saved him. â€Å"And then what?† Elena asked eagerly. â€Å"How did you remember everything? How did you get back to Earth?† â€Å"Wel ,† said Damon, turning a slight, fond smile on her, â€Å"that's a funny story.† He reached into an inner pocket of his leather jacket and pul ed out a neatly folded white linen handkerchief. Elena blinked. It looked like the same handkerchief he had given her in her dream. Damon noticed her expression and smiled more widely, as though he knew where she was recognizing it from. He unfolded it and held it out for Elena's inspection. Cradled inside the handkerchief were two strands of hair. Very familiar hair, Elena realized. She and Bonnie had each cut off a lock of hair and placed them on Damon's body, wanting to leave a part of themselves with him, since they couldn't take his body off the desolate moon with them. Before her now lay a curling red lock and a waving gold one, as bright and shiny as if they had just been cut from freshly washed heads, rather than left on a world with ash fal ing al around. Damon gazed at the locks with an expression made up of tenderness and a little awe. Elena thought that she had never seen such an open, almost hopeful look from him. â€Å"The Power from the star bal saved these, too,† he said. â€Å"First they were burned almost to ash, but then they regenerated. I held them and studied them and cherished them, and you started to come back to me. Sage had given me my name, and it sounded right to me, but I couldn't recal anything else about myself. But as I held these locks of hair, I gradual y remembered who you were, and what we had been through together, and al the things I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused. â€Å"What I knew and felt about you, and then I remembered the little redbird, too, and then everything else came flooding back and I was myself again.† He glanced away and lost the sentimental look, smoothing his face into its usual cool expression, as if embarrassed, then folded the locks of hair back inside the handkerchief and tucked it careful y away into his jacket. â€Å"Wel ,† he said briskly, â€Å"then it was just a matter of having Sage lend me some clothes, fil me in on what I had missed, and give me a lift back to Fel ‘s Church. And now here I am.† â€Å"I bet he was amazed,† said Elena, â€Å"and ecstatic.† The vampire Keeper of the Gates Between Worlds was a dear friend of Damon's, the only friend of Damon's she knew of, other than herself. Damon's acquaintances tended to be enemies or admirers more often than friends. â€Å"He was quite pleased,† Damon admitted. â€Å"So you just now made it back to Earth?† Damon nodded. â€Å"Wel , you've missed a lot here,† Elena said, launching into an explanation of the past few days, starting with Celia's name written in blood and ending on Caleb's hospitalization. â€Å"Wow.† Damon let out a low whistle. â€Å"But I have to assume the problem is more than my little brother acting like a madman with Caleb? Because, you know, that may be simple jealousy. Jealousy has always been Stefan's biggest sin.† He said the last with a smug twist to his lips, and Elena elbowed him gently in the ribs. â€Å"Don't put Stefan down,† she said reprovingly, and smiled to herself. It felt so good to be scolding Damon again. He real y was his own maddening, changeable, wonderful self again. Damon was back. Wait. Oh, no. â€Å"You're in danger, too!† Elena gasped, remembering suddenly that he could stil be taken from her. â€Å"Your name appeared earlier, written in the weeds that were holding Meredith underwater. We didn't know what it could mean, because we thought you were dead. But, since you're alive, it seems you're the next target.† She paused. â€Å"Unless fal ing through the surface of the moon was the attack on you.† â€Å"Don't worry about me, Elena. You are probably right about the attack on the moon being my ‘accident.' But they haven't been very successful attempts, have they?† Damon said thoughtful y. â€Å"Almost as if whatever this is isn't trying very hard to kil us. I have a faint inkling about what might be causing this.† â€Å"You do?† asked Elena. â€Å"Tel me.† Damon shook his head. â€Å"It's just a glimmer right now,† he said. â€Å"Let me get some sort of confirmation.† â€Å"But Damon,† Elena pleaded, â€Å"even a glimmer is much more than the rest of us have been able to come up with. Come with me tomorrow morning and tel everyone about it, and we can al work together.† â€Å"Oh, yes,† said Damon, with a mock shudder. â€Å"You and me and Mutt and the vampire hunter, a cozy group. Plus my pious brother and the little red witch. And the old lady witch and the teacher. No, I'm going to do some more digging on my own. And what's more, Elena,† he said, fixing her with a dark stare, â€Å"you're not to tel anyone that I'm alive. Especial y not Stefan.† â€Å"Damon!† Elena protested. â€Å"You don't know how absolutely devastated Stefan is, thinking you're dead. We have to let him know you're al right.† Damon smiled wryly. â€Å"I think there's probably a part of Stefan that's glad enough to have me out of the picture. He doesn't have any reason to want me here.† Elena shook her head in furious denial, but he went on. â€Å"It's true. But maybe it's time for things to be different between us. To that end, I have to show him that I can change. In any case, I can't investigate this properly if everyone knows I'm around. Keep quiet for now, Elena.† She opened her mouth to object further, but he silenced her with a quick, fierce kiss. When they broke apart, he said, â€Å"Promise me for now, and I'l promise you that as soon as I figure this out, you can announce my resurrection to the world.† Elena nodded doubtful y. â€Å"If that's what you real y want, Damon, and you real y think it's necessary,† she said. â€Å"But I'm not happy about it.† Damon got to his feet and patted her shoulder. â€Å"Things are going to be different now,† he said. He looked down at her, his face serious. â€Å"I'm not the same as I was, Elena.† Elena nodded again, more firmly this time. â€Å"I'l keep your secret, Damon,† she promised. Damon gave her a smal , tight smile, then took three steps toward her open window. In a moment he was gone, and a large black crow flew out into the night.

The Effects of Sport on Levels of Mindfulness and...

The area of research that will be of focal concern is conscious awareness in relation to the concept of ‘mindfulness’. In addition to this, analogous research surrounding the topic area will be integrated, with particular attention being paid to an important aspect of sport psychology known as ‘flow’. Mindfulness has its roots in ancient spiritual traditions, namely Buddhism (Keng, Smoski, Robins, 2011), and is commonly defined as â€Å"the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding experience moment by moment† (Kabat-Zinn, 2003, p. 145). Definitions like the preceding are common in contemporary literature, however many authors have suggested that mindfulness is a†¦show more content†¦Beginning with the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn and the practice of mindfulness-based-stress-reduction (MBSR), which explored the use of mindfulness meditation in treating patients with chronic pain (Keng, Smoski, Robins, 2011), a growing body of research concerning the cognitive-behavioural tradition emerged. Within this tradition it was assumed that cognition plays a vital role in determining behaviour (Huss Baer, 2007), therefore, by drawing on the two components of mindfulness put forth by Bishop et al (200 4), clinicians established that the development of mindfulness skills, such as focussed breathing (which cultivates the state of mindfulness), can lead to; increased self-awareness and self-acceptance; reduced reactivity to thoughts and emotions; and improved ability to cope with problematic situations (Linehan, 1993). In addition to this, research revealed that those who undergo mindfulness training also experience improved ability to sustain attention in the present moment (Marks, 2008). From a similar stance, recent studies carried out by sport psychologists provided an indication towards a relationship between aspects of mindfulness and sporting performance, in which theories of ‘flow’ and ‘peak performance’ were evidently compatible with the constructs of mindfulness (Kaufman, Glass, Arnkoff, 2009). Csikszentmihalyi (1990; as cited in Bernier, Thienot,Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

An Explanation of the Britishs Stuggles to Finance the...

The article written by Javier Cuenca Esteban, â€Å"The British balance of payments, 1772-1820: India transfers and war finance† focuses on the British ability to finance the wars with Napoleonic France. Esteban challenges the academic state of debate regarding the importance of exports on British Industrialization by pointing out that he believes without the exports from India, Britain would have struggled to finance her wars with France and may have never become the incubator of Industrialization. His argument comes back to the numbers he presents projecting the gap between foreign indebtedness actual and counterfactual would increase from 1802 to 1815 by over ninety million British pound sterling. The significant increase in debt was†¦show more content†¦Esteban sets the value of his calculations by creating an average of pre-existing calculations for the earliest time frame of 1772-1775 of net British debts. He relies mainly on figures derived from Walter Nash and Albert H. Imlah, both of which are Economic British Historians. The author then begins to advance each line according to their own specific histories. For instance he takes into account the raise of tariffs on certain products such as tobacco that would affect the quantity of illegal imports, thus affecting the real credit value. The author also goes into great detail to compensate for the stated inaccuracies of some numbers, by showing how numbers counter-balance one another to give an accurate final account of net credits. In the appendix he goes into great depth to explain each category as well as giving a price evidence for numerous specific commodities traded between Britain and India during this time period. Esteban concludes with acknowledging the weaker values for some of the credits. He makes it clear the entire process of the time period moving from mercantilism to industrialization within the time frame and the wars with France created extremely complex range of scenarios to explain the balance of payments. He points out research in the areas of wealthy immigrants’ transfers and net incomes, as well as capital flow from the British West Indies remain particularly difficult to quantify. This gap in

Performance Enhancing Drugs - 626 Words

Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) have been only in displays. Story shows that given that the premature 1900s, Olympic runners have been mixing their very own recipes they really assumed will strengthen the jogging efficiency. Perhaps a near-lethal blend during brandy and strychnine was first useful for an Olympic marathon runner inside 1904. By way of 1928 the Global Association of all Athletics Federation expanded the first overseas wearing federation and energy to reduce doping as of athletes; that is the regulating bloodstream for tune and area. Nevertheless, inside 1958, the FDA approved the initially anabolic cortisone for sales in the United States, and that transformed the dial over activities for life. Whilst official drug testing in the Olympic Games began inside 1968, an effective test for anabolic steroids wasnt designed until 1975, and the product was instantly included with the prohibited ingredients listing. Many forbidden materials were only pertinent onto Olympic players, inside 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroids Property React, adding this product in the same legal party as amphetamines, methamphetamine, opium and morphine. The future year Key Category Soccer prohibited steroids. The MLB commissioner whilst in that time has got mentioned he forbidden steroids mainly on account of the reports over Jose Cansecos usage of the material, even though he didnt actually realize something about steroids through the the evening. Within 1997, theShow MoreRelatedPerformance Enhancing Drugs. . Performance-Enhancing Drugs1580 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Performance-enhancing drugs (PED s) have been an issue for many decades now for the medical and sports field. Olympic and professional athletes have been using them to gain an upper hand on the competition, but some may ask if it s really worth it? 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Office Administration Free Essays

Office administration is now a combination of information technology, human resource management, office resource management, written communication, verbal communication, research and budgeting. All areas of modern business and government require experts who can implement and manage office administration systems. Efficiency can only be achieved if the people working with technology and new administration systems are trained specialists †¦ anyone for coffee? As a trained office professional, you will gain skills that you can transfer to any area of business or government operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Office Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can combine your training and experience in office administration with your other interests. There is a spectrum of specialist areas you can enter: – arts administration – legal and paralegal administration – medical administration – music industry administration – human resource management administration – local government administration – State Public Service – Australian Public Service – educational administration – hospitality administration – tourism administration – sports and recreation administration advertising and marketing administration – banking and finance administration. If you are interested in this area of study and work, ask yourself if you are suited to the demands of the job. Here’s a quick checklist: Are you (or can you be)†¦ – efficient and organised – polite, well-presented and punctual – well presented – skilled in spoken and w ritten English – able to work independently and part of a team – able to follow instructions – discrete and ethical? You can use office administration as a path to other careers. It is a great place to start if you are unsure about exactly where you want to go in the future because you will learn skills that you can use in any job. Office administration is also a great way to learn information technology skills that are used in business and government operations. If you like working with computers and you are thinking about how you can combine your interest in IT with business, think about office administration. Wages and conditions for office administration work vary according to your qualifications, experience and your employer. How to cite Office Administration, Essay examples

Washingtons Accomplishment free essay sample

George Washington set many precedents for future presidents of America, including his policies on foreign affairs, his actions while dealing with mommies issues, and his monumental decision to step down from the presidency after two terms in his Farewell Address. One of George Washingtons primary concerns was for the united States to remain neutral among European conflicts. Washington made sure to make this perfectly clear; On the Politics Of Europe shall express no Opinion, nor make any inquiry who is Right or who is Wrong. Sis well to all nations and to all men. (Document 1) Also, the Neutrality Act was passed in 1794 and this helped prevent wars with European nations, because it prevented a long-term alliance with a country. That way, the America would not be dragged into a war because of another country. As you can see, Washington did not wish to interfere in European matters. This is an historic precedent set by Washington because it made sure that America would always strive to stay out of European conflicts. We will write a custom essay sample on Washingtons Accomplishment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, Washington knew that it was crucial to try to avoid issues with European nations, who at the time were very powerful, especially the countries of Britain, France and Spain. At the point in time of Washingtons presidency, there was a great deal of tension between America and these countries. The united States needed to ease the tension. The solution Washington and his ambassadors came up with was Jays Treaty and Pinkeye s treaty. Jays Treaty and Pinkness Treaty helped to solidify Americas position with England and Spain respectively.Now not only did Washington deal with foreign troubles extremely well, he also was forced to handle difficult domestic issues as well. One major domestic issue George Washington dealt with was the enormous national debt. With the help of Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of State, the National Bank was created and this helped the nation climb out of debt. Washington also reduced the national debt by establishing excise taxes on usury goods, such as whiskey. However, the excise tax on whiskey eventually lead to the Whiskey Rebellion.The Whiskey Rebellion was a large uprising of rural farmers in Western Pennsylvania who were outraged over the new tax on whiskey. In another brilliant decision by Washington, Washington chose to put an end to the rebellion promptly and swiftly with a show of force. Washington ordered 1 3,500 troops to be sent to Western Pennsylvania to quell the rebellion (Whiskey Rebellion Worksheet). By doing this, Washington showed the country that he had full control and complete authority in his entry and that the federal government was not weak.But even some of these decisions may not have been the most significant precedent he set. Washington set probably his most important precedent of all his Farewell Address. In his Farewell Address, Washington announced that he shall step down from the presidency after the end of his second term and he declared that he shall not choose to run for president a third term. Washington made sure that there was no doubt about his decision in his farewell address; Friends and Citizens: The period for a new election of a citizen to administer run] the executive government of the United States [has come] And] Decline being considered among Those out of whom a choice is to be made (Document 3). Clearly, Washington did not want the Presidency to become like a kingship, even though if he had wished, he could have remained president for the rest of his life. When George Washington began his presidency, America was a fledgling country with a plethora of problems facing it. By the time that George Washington left the executive office, our nation was much closer to becoming a fully stabilized sovereignty. Washington had transformed the country from struggling nation in debt to a prosperous nation.All of his decisions during his presidency were brilliant. Whether it was stepping down from office after two terms, or domestic issues, or foreign affairs, George Washington is undoubtedly the most significant of the early presidents. It was these precedents and more that he established that has made the United States into the great nation that it is today. Every president since Washington has tried to emulate what he has done and follow in his footsteps. That is why many historians consider George Washington to be the greatest president in American History.